如何做同志文學史：從1960年代臺灣文本起頭

How to Do a History of Homosexuality in Literature: 1960s Taiwan

「同性戀是什麼？」本文一方面受到美國酷兒史家黑普林（David Halperin）的啟發，認為這個問題並沒有單一的標準答案；另一方面，本文也跟歐洲中心、男人中心、不以文學為中心的黑普林史論對話（本文立基台灣，指出女、男作家同時寫出異性戀、同性戀的交錯，並且以文學為中心）。再現同性戀的本土「史料」早就散見於二十世紀上半葉，但再現同性戀的本土「文學」要到六○年代才出現。但本文並無意建構「同志文學」「史」（一部部符合定義的「同志文學」所接續而成的「史」），而是要藉著分析六○年代的文本，思考「同志」「文學史」如何被生產。一般認為白先勇是再現同志的先聲，但本文提醒，「獨尊」白是偏狹謬誤的。六○年代，白先勇的文壇前輩姜貴、郭良蕙比白更早寫出描繪男同志的長篇小說（本文指出最早的台灣同志長篇並不是《孽子》）；白的平輩歐陽子也寫出白在當時未必解碼的同性戀欲望。作者群是多元的：寫同志的小說家並非只有白；作家本人也是多元的：白呈現同性戀欲望的早期小說並非只有一類；文壇是多元的：評論家（尤其夏志清）對於同性戀知識的貢獻，並不亞於小說家；文本中的「主體性」也多元：有些角色宛如自給自足的同性戀主體，有些角色偏近難以實証的「主體效果」。

While homosexuality is found in documentary materials on Taiwan in the first half of the twentiethcentury, it was not clearly represented in local literature until the 1960s. This article responds to and supplements David Halperin's work in 'How to Do the History of Homosexuality', which is Eurocentric, male-centric, and focused on history per se rather than on literary productions. The article intends less to construct a history of homosexual literature-as if the category of 'homosexual literature' were some sort of given-than to consider how the persons, desires, acts, and knowledge of homosexuality are produced in a literary history by analyzing key works in the Taiwan of the 1960s. Although Kenneth Pai is widely acknowledged to be a pioneer of representing homosexuality, it is in fact a mistake, though a common one, to reiterate Pai as the only seminal writer of sexual dissidence in Taiwan. The 1960s featured other seminal writers, whose contributions to our knowledge of homosexuality must be recognized along with Pai's. The plurality of the 1960s is found not only in the temporal coincidence of Pai with other writers but also in the cooperation of local authors with literary critics such as C. T. Hsia, a mentor figure to Pai's generation, who detects signs of homosexuality in local literature. The subjectivities found in 1960s literature are also more pluralistic than presumed. Whereas some characters in 1960s fiction resemble today's self-sufficient subjects of homosexuality, more figures are elusive subject-effects of homosexuality that demand more attention in contemporary LGBT studies in and on Taiwan.