中國近代女權特色之分析(晚清至五四)

A Study of the Characteristics of Women’s Rights in Modern China (from the Late Qing to the May Fourth Era)

本文嘗試梳理與分析前人對於清末至五四時期關懷女性與女權的研究與論述，藉以呈現近代中國女權之特色。本文提出國族主義、仿男主義、多源主義及賢妻良母主義之爭論。晚清改革者關懷女性，倡導不纏足運動與興女學運動，是基於救國而提出，國族主義可說是中國近代女權思想發展最初的主導力量。晚清至五四時期女性間興起在外表服飾、行動舉止等方面仿效男性的風氣，以此表徵女性超越性別藩籬與爭取男女平權，仿男主義可謂是女權特色之一。近代女權的發展及倡導並非源自單一思想，本文建議多源主義，意指女權是本土女權思想、男性知識分子的提倡，加以西方女權思潮三種源頭匯合而成。此外，本研究也討論新舊觀念遞嬗之間，不論是賢妻良母論的提出，超於賢妻良母女性自立人生觀的倡導，或此後興起婦女回家的主張，攸關賢妻良母論述，不僅是中國女權與發展歷程的一大特色，也是爭取女權時待解決的難題。

This paper aims to explore and characterize women’s rights during the period between the late Qing and the May Fourth Era. By reviewing the literature focusing on women’s rights and analyzing their key arguments， this paper suggests that nationalism， the imitation of men， multi-origins and the debates about good-wife-and-virtuous-motherism as the characteristics， which played significant roles in the shaping of women’s rights in modern China. As a consequence of the collapse of the Qing government， the alterations of women’s biological inferiority and intellectual inability were equated by male intellectuals with the ways of boosting up the nation. Nationalism was an essential part of the propagation of concerns about women and their rights. As to the imitation of men， it could be found that women had the tendency of wearing short hair and man-style clothes and acting as men did so as to fight for their rights equivalent to men’s. It is also argued that the promulgation of women’s rights was derived from diverse sources， including native thoughts， the dedication of male intellectuals as well as the theoretical background， thoughts and influences from Western feminism. Moreover， the debates about good-wifeand- virtuous-motherism were identified as a feature in the process of constructing Chinese women’s rights， with the fact that there was controversy evolving and growing with it over time. In addition， this research also draws attention to further reflections associated with the development of women’s rights.