晚清民國禁革奴婢買賣的理念與實踐

The Context of Prohibition against Human Trafficking in Late Qing and the Republic of China.

傳統中國，歷代統治者為了鞏固專制政體，總是把社會成員按其不同的階級、身分、地位、職業，分為不同等級，賦予不同的法律地位，明顯是一種身分等差的社會秩序。漢以後的法律，尤其從《唐律》到《大清律例》，奴婢均被列為「賤民」。而所謂的「賤民」，名稱並不一致，唐代主要包括部曲、客女、樂人、雜戶、官戶、奴婢等；清代則以士、農、工、商四民為良，奴婢及娼優、隸卒為賤。

In traditional China, the emperors always divided their people into different social classes of different statuses of law according to their social status, professions and so on. Apparently, it was a hierarchy of social order. After the Han Dynasty, especially from the Tang Code to the Great Qing Legal Code, slaves were ranked as untouchables. The names of slaves were diverse. In the Tang Dynasty, for example, they included Puchu（部曲）, Kenu（客女）, Yuehjen（樂人）, Tsahu（雜戶）, Kuanhu（官戶） and Nupi（奴婢）. In the Qing Dynasty, the intellectuals, farmers, workmen and businessmen were included in upper social statuses, and Nupi, Changyu（娼優）and Litsu（隸卒）were in a lower class.