廚房治理、居家政治：《湯姆叔叔的小屋》與《美國女性的家》

Management of Kitchens, Politics of Domesticity: Uncle Tom's Cabin and The American Woman's Home

本文將聚焦於《湯姆叔叔的小屋》（Uncle Tom’s Cabin）與《美國女性的家》（The American Woman’s Home）中的廚房，討論家庭小說（domestic fiction）與家務指南文學（domestic advice literature）中，居家（白人）女性在日常生活中藉由廚房治理取得權威。論文分為三部分，第一部份回顧十九世紀家庭小說與家務指南產生的脈絡，包括居家意識型態的出現與公私領域的劃分；第二部分分析史托（Harriet Beecher Stowe）撰寫的《湯姆叔叔的小屋》中出現的三個廚房場景，其一經過白人教導而形成的黑奴廚房，其二為桂格（Quaker）教徒家中祥和、舒適與秩序井然的理想廚房，其三為南方紐奧爾良失序的廚房；史托藉由廚房場景，呈現日常生活中理家、持家的重要性，傳達居家空間的理想圖像，並暗示黑奴進入白人的居家空間中，需要被教導、規訓，秩序才得以維持；第三部分討論史托與其姐畢裘（Catharine Beecher）所撰寫的家務指南《美國女性的家》，這類的家務指南提供生活實踐的方針，也展現現代性與規訓功能；十九世紀女性藉由廚房治理、家庭管理，參與社會改革，並成為現代化歷程中不可忽視的行動者，尤其，家務指南強調系統化、效率、秩序在日常生活中的重要，由此，家務指南不僅是規劃、管理居家空間，更規範生活於其中之人的行為舉止，甚至形塑人的身體。

This article focuses on the kitchens in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and her domestic advice, The American Woman's Home, co-authored with Catharine Beecher, examining how nineteenth-century domestic (white) women achieved and performed authority in everyday life by managing the domestic space, in particular kitchens. First, the context in which nineteenth-century domestic novels and domestic advice literature emerged, along with the ideology of domesticity and the separation of private and public spheres, will be reviewed. The article will then discuss three kitchens depicted in Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, which are Aunt Chloe's cozy, well-disciplined kitchen, the peaceful, ideal kitchen organized by the Quaker, Rachel Halliday, and Dinah's disordered and malfunctioned kitchen in St. Claire's household. Implicit in Stowe's depictions of these three kitchens is the emphasis on the idea of systems and order, as well as the importance of domestic white women, whose responsibility is to discipline not only the space of the kitchen but also the bodies working in the kitchen. Finally, critical attention will be drawn to Stowe's domestic advice, The American Woman's Home to explore how white domestic women participate in the process of modernization, discipline and social reform by managing the kitchen and organizing the domestic space.