從審議民主到後國族民主：哈伯馬斯民主理論的發展與反思

From Deliberative Democracy to Postnational Democracy: Reflections on Jürgen Habermas's Democratic Theory

本文企圖沿著「審議民主」到「後國族民主」的發展脈絡，對哈伯馬斯的民主理論進行更寬廣的闡釋，以揭示其對政治實踐的應用意 義。當代民主理論的發展過程中，「審議民主」是一個廣受推崇的概念，而哈伯馬斯則是完整構築審議民主理論的學者之一：一方面，他的「審議民主」強調公民社會的自由溝通與行動，補強了選舉式民主的制度侷限；另一方面，「審議民主」透過公民會議及各種生活世界的參與途徑，成為具實踐特質的民主理論。更為重要的是，晚近面對全球化的國際秩序變化與歐盟整合，哈伯馬斯也積極做出回應，進一步提倡「後國族民主」，來作為超越民族國家界線的政治理念。藉由追溯哈伯馬斯從「審議民主」到「後國族民主」之間的民主思想軌跡，我們可以看到哈伯馬斯如何貫徹他為溝通自由提供一個政治制度框架的努力。換言之，疏理其民主理論的後續發展是必要的，因為近幾年哈伯馬斯關注國際局勢，主要的理論目標正是在思考如何構想從國內到國際的合理政治架構，以符合且實現他對公民參與公共領域的溝通理想，因此，本文最後也會針對他的民主理論進行階段性的反思與評價。

This article aims to trace the development from deliberative democracy to postnational democracy in Jürgen Habermas. For Habermas, deliberative democracy is not only an institutional project of modernity but also one of the well-known theories of modern democracy. At the start of the 21st century he suggests a new political idea, postnational democracy, which is beyond the nation-states in a globalized age. This article tries to re-examine Habermas's democratic theory from deliberative democracy to postnational democracy and points out its implications. There are three parts of our arguments. The first part investigates the communicative reason, communicative freedom, discourse, and explores the significance of public sphere and civil society for deliberative democracy. The second part is its praxis, we focus on constitutional patriotism and postnational democracy in order to analyze the international application of democracy. The final part of this article is the reflections of democracy, which articulate the contributions and limitations of Habermas's democratic theory by discussing two questions: “Is there any difference between deliberative democracy and constitutional democracy?” and “Is postnational democracy a universal concept?”