受苦經驗之存在現象學研究：兼論諮商與心理治療的理論視野

An Existential-Phenomenological Inquiry on Suffering: ADiscussion on the Theoretical Perspectives of Counseling and Psychotherapy

人類受苦經驗一直是諮商與心理治療領域的核心議題，究竟人類受苦經驗因何而來，如何維持，又如何脫離。本文首先耙梳與整理諮商與心理治療理論對人類受苦經驗的看法，發現：（1）傳統諮商與心理治療理論視心靈為封閉實體，與外在世界相互獨立，認為受苦經驗來自於人無法符應其外在環境；（2）後現代治療取向視外在現實為個人或社會建構的結果，主流文化的壓迫才是人類受苦經驗的源頭。面對前述現代與後現代理論取向的分裂，本研究目的在於從存在現象學的觀點，理解人類的受苦經驗，並以此理解作為不同理論取向間分裂的接合點。本研究以存在現象學研究方法，透過三位受訪者的受苦經驗，進行文本分析。結果發現受訪者之受苦經驗來自對既有處境的拒絕與期望處境的落空，處於既有處境與期望處境之間的斷裂，讓受訪者處於立基的無根而受苦。本研究從存在現象學的觀點提供受苦經驗處境結構之存有學描述，並以受苦經驗處境結構做為諮商與心理治療不同理論的接合點進行理論間的討論，最後對研究限制提出說明。

The suffering of human beings has long been the core concern in the areas of counseling and psycho¬therapy. This study first reviewed and summarized the perspectives that counseling and psychotherapy have had about the suffering of humans. It was discovered that (a) both conventional counseling and psychotherapy theories have conceptualized the mind as a substance of closure and independent of the outer world. They also assumed the suffering has been resulted from humans' not capable of adapting to the outer world; and (b) postmodern theories tent to regard the reality as a product of individual or social construction, and the suppression of the mainstream culture is a head of stream for humans' suffering. By discovering the discrepancy of the above mentioned orientations in modern and post-modern theo¬ries, this study aimed to realize human suffering from view of existential phenomenology. And it can be the based phenomenon to bridge up the discrepancies from different theoretical orientations. This study conducted textual analysis on the suffering of three respondents by using the methodology of existential phenomenology. It was found that the suffering of the respondents resulted from the denial of their exist¬ed situations and the disappointment toward the expected ones. Being on the breaking points of both the existed situation and the expected one made the respondents suffer from the feeling of losing the grounds of life ahead. This study applied the situational structure of suffering from the perspective of existential phenomenology to serve as a connection for different theories in both counseling and psychotherapy. Finally, limitations of this study were discussed.