從長沙走馬樓三國吳簡看其戶籍中的性別與年齡結構--兼論戶與里的規模

The Sex and Age Structures as Seen in the Slips of the Household Register Unearthed at Zoumalou, Changsha

走馬樓戶籍簡中人口的性別結構和年齡結構均呈現出失衡狀態。十四歲以下人口中的男性數量大大超過女性，主要是百姓不堪忍受沈重的賦稅徭役而棄嬰（尤其是女嬰）的結果。勞動力人口中女性比例過高，是因為青壯年男性是戰爭和賦稅、徭役的主要承擔者，很多人因而過早死亡，也有不少人為逃避苛政而逃亡。大量殘疾患者的存在，則是自然因素與社會因素雙重作用的結果，社會因素除了其本身所造成的眾多殘疾者外，在很大程度上也加重了自然因素的致殘作用。男性之所以在殘疾人中占絕對多數，恐怕主要還是由社會原因造成的。此外，根據吳簡的統計，戶平均四點八○人，與傳世文獻中經常提到的「五口之家」相符；吳簡中的里，其規模多在二十至五十戶之間。

The sex and age structures shown on the household register slips unearthed at Zoumalou are unbalanced . On the one hand , of the population under 14 years old , there are many more boys than girls . It was caused by the fact that many peasants, unable to bear oppressive taxes and levies, chose to abandon their babies, particularly girls. On the other hand, the females greatly outnumber the males in the work force. The males in the prime of life had borne the brunt of wars, taxes and levies. Many of them died of this and others just escaped. Various natural and social factors also causes a lot of people being disabled and the majority of the disabled are male. Besides, according to the slips, the average size of a family is 4.80 persons, not much different from what is seen in the extant historical records. The size of most Li communities is between 20 and 50 families.