一九三五年「華北自治運動」與中國派系之爭--由「蔣中正總統檔案」探討戰前中日關係之複雜性

Factions and Diplomacy in China in1935: A Study of the ”North China Autonomy Movement”

一九三五年的「華北自治運動」，是一連串「華北危機」的最後一環。自一九三三年起，日軍就企圖透過各種壓力，以削弱國民政府在華北的統治基礎，進而促發中國在地軍閥的分治運動。一九三五年夏間，「河北事件」與「張北事件」已達到「驅逐南京勢力」的目的；「華北自治運動」是其後續工作，目的在策動華北軍閥起而建構親日政權。本文嘗試根據《蔣中正總統檔案》等新史料，從中國方面的決策及內變的角度，循著「外交╱內政」、「中央╱地方」、「派系╱人事」等多條主線，以更完整的重建「華北自治運動」的實況。本文結論強調：一、「自治運動」係一九三五年「華北危機」的一環，其脈絡需自該年夏間「河北事件」、「張北事件」尋起；二、「自治運動」反映了一九三○年代中日關係的特殊性。日本屢與中國內部的地方主義結合，是中國各地分離運動背後的重要推手；三、「自治運動」的複雜，不僅在於日方的幕後操控，更在於中國內部的派系糾葛；四、當時的華北軍人，可視為是一單獨的「第三方」，既非日本帝國主義傀儡，也不完全唯南京之命是從。他們雖使中國中央政府感到棘手，也令日本少壯軍人十分困擾。

The ”North China Autonomy Movement”（華北自治運動）was a separatism which the Japanese deliberately created through negotiation with the local warlords North China in 1935. This movement was fostered by the Japanese with their attempt to weaken the rule of the Nationlist Government （Nanjing）in North China and was regarded as a crucial step for them to attain the final goal of conquering the whole of China. This paper, based on the recently opened “Archives of President Chiang Kai-shek” (「蔣中正總統檔案」or「大溪檔案」), is a study of this critical event. It tries to analyze the factions and diplomacy in China in the 1930s, especially focusing on the conflict between Chiang Kai-shek and Song Zhe-yuan (宋哲元), commander of the Nationalist 29th Army in North China. In addition, the paper discusses the complicated and strained relationship that developed between China and Japan over the years before the Sino-Japanese War.