空間、權力與社區認同的建構對上海一個鄰里的居民運動的案例研究

Space, Power and Construction of Community Identity: a Case Study of a Residential Movement in a Shanghai Neighborhood

上個世紀八○年代以來，在中國的都市社區，隨著新興居民組織的出現和社區居民的居住權益意識的增強，在社區産生了許多集體行動以維護業主權益。本文試圖透過對上海一個鄰里之圍繞社區綠地保護的集體行動的民族誌式的描述和分析，說明由法治改革、房屋私有化，以及全球性環保運動的話語，讓晚期社會主義國家的草根社會運動具有了新的方式，同時，地方鄰里的紐帶、由政府各個部門之間的衝突所形成的縫隙，以及媒體的有限開放，也爲這場綠地行動創造了機會結構。而這場缺乏公民社會支援的運動之所以能夠持續下去，相當程度上得益於核心參與者的「較真」策略和社區集體認同的策略性建構。這場行動雖使居民的權利意識進一步深化，但是由於行動者依賴於政府的自我糾錯、避免和國家霸權的直接碰撞，以至於此一集體行動仍然不能直接挑戰現有的權威體系。不過，本文也試圖指出，一旦這些自下而上的運動與官方話語的變遷相結合，則在草根階層發生的較真意識形態便得以推動整個國家治理方式的變遷。

Since 1980s, the rapid process of urban renewal has brought about the tension between the residents, state and real estate developers. This paper provides an ethnography of an environmental movement in a Shanghai neighborhood and analyze why this movement happened and was possible to sustain. It argues that the transition of the state hegemony and the construction of civil rights awareness brought by legal reform, house privatization as well as ecological discourse could bring about new form of grassroots social movement in post-Mao China. The tie of local neighborhood, the expansion of gap produced by the internal conflicts between state agency and the limited liberalization of the media produce the opportunity structure for the movement. Furthermore, the sustainability of this movement, to a large extent, depends on the core participants' "authenticating strategy" and on a strategic reconstruction of community identity. Due to activists' dependence on government's self-correctness and avoiding ideologically confrontation the state hegemony, this collective action can not directly challenge the existent authority system. Nevertheless, if these bottom-up movements combine with the transition of the official discourse brought by democratic reform, the ideological authentication in the grassroots may push forward the transformation of the whole hegemony.