冷戰時期學校教育中的反共形象:以臺灣與韓國兩地小學教科書為中心的分析

Anti-Communism in School Education during the Cold War Period: An Analysis Based on Taiwanese and Korean Elementary School Textbooks

在東亞冷戰時期，臺灣與韓國共同歸屬反共陣營，與共產陣營的中國、北韓形成對峙。反共意識與政策，不僅是台、韓兩國建構國家體制的核心意識型態，亦是重要的統治工具。筆者認為，台、韓兩國政府透過學校教育一方面創造共產黨或共產國家的特殊形象，另方面也藉此種形象塑造國民的反共意識。因此，在臺灣與韓國社會，一般民眾不僅無法在實際政治層面接受共黨或共黨政權，在情感層面也加以排斥。此種存在政治、社會濃厚的反共氣氛，不但讓臺灣、韓國兩國政府在冷戰時期結合為堅實的反共盟友，也讓兩地人民有著相近的反共情緒，進而形成東亞特殊的「反共共同體」。筆者在本文中，除探討台、韓兩地反共教育的實施情形，並將透過分析兩國最基礎的小學教科書，說明反共教育如何創造出共黨及共黨國家的特殊形象，進而塑造受教國民根深蒂固的反共意識。

During the Cold War in East Asia, Taiwan and Korea both belonged to the anticommunist camp against the communist China and North Korea. For the Taiwanese and the Korean governments, anti-communism and the related policies were not only the core ideology of state-building but also important governing tools. It is believed that through school education, the two governments created the specific images of the Communist Party and communist countries, and utilized the images to build the anti-communist ideology in their people. As a result, in Taiwan as well as in the Korean society, the general public rejects the Communist Party or communist regime not only in political practice but also from the emotional aspect. The dense anti-communist atmosphere in politics and societies made the two governments solid allies against communism during the Cold War and had the Taiwanese and Korean people share a similar anti-communist sentiment, resulting in the special ”anti-communist community” of East Asia. The study focuses on the implementation of anti-communist education in Taiwan and in Korea and analyzes the elementary school textbooks from both countries to illustrate how anti-communist education created the specific images of the Communist Party and communist countries and how were the images used to plant the anti-communist ideology in the mind of the people.