反身的凝視:臺灣人工流產法制及其法社會背景的分析

Turning the Gaze Back on Itself: The Socio-legal Background of Taiwan's Abortion Law

從人工流產合法化以來，台灣法學界對於人工流產法制的關心，多著重在外國法制的討論。這樣的人工流產法研究有兩大問題：首先，是以西方法的觀點來審視台灣法；其次，是法律的去脈絡化。固然，採取以比較法作為研究方法的法律學術探討，對於自他國繼受法律的台灣而言，不可避免地要以繼受母國為觀察參考的對象，以作為改進我國法制及實務見解的準繩，不論是民法學、刑法學或是公法學，傳統法學研究皆是如此。但是，這樣的研究方法，在人工流產法制卻遇到很大的瓶頸，因為台灣人工流產法之制訂，與台灣特殊的國家政策及社會文化背景息息相關，已經不是參考外國立法例、實務見解或是學說解釋便足以觀其全貌的。本文是一個對於台灣人工流產法的反身凝視，本研究期待能從傳統研究外國法制的向外凝視拉回台灣的脈絡，看看到底植基於台灣社會的人工流產法，其法社會的背景為何，具有何種特殊性。本文首先要從比較法的角度出發，探討幾種人工流產法制的類型，並且將台灣放在比較法的脈絡來看，台灣是在什麼樣的位置；其次，本文要從幾個面向去探討台灣人工流產法之法社會背景：(1)從儒家文化的面向切入，看看儒家文化對於家庭、生殖以及對於婦女角色的期待及價值，如何影響人工流產的社會價值；(2)從宗教的面向切入，探討台灣多元的宗教系統，如何看待人工流產；(3)從國家發展與人工流產之間的關係，觀察人工流產法之制訂與國家人口政策與家庭計畫政策之關係。本文希望能透過重新認識台灣本身的人工流產法，以便將來於進行分析時，能夠幫助台灣的人工流產研究以台灣法的主體立場，提出更適切的修法建議或是見解。

The researches on the abortion law in Taiwan have long focused on comparing Taiwan's abortion law to the abortion laws in western countries, especially the laws in Germany and the United States. The problems of these researches are: first, they have taken the western perspective to view Taiwan's laws; second, they have decontextualized the laws from the sociolegal backgrounds on which the laws are based. Examining Taiwanese laws from a comparative perspective has been for decades the traditional approach of legal research in Taiwan. Yet researchers who used this approach to examine the abortion law in Taiwan have faced difficulties to correctly analyze questions on abortion regulations. The reason for the difficulties is that social views on abortion, reproduction and value of life have heavily affected the abortion laws in each country. A thorough legal analysis would not be satisfactorily completed without a sociolegal background check. This paper is to turn the gaze from seeing the other country's laws back to that of our own. My paper will first categorize the types of abortion laws in the world and put Taiwan's abortion law on the map of the world's abortion laws. I will then examine a few sociolegal factors, such as cultural and religious factors as well as the relationship of the national population policy and abortion, to see what may affect the abortion laws in Taiwan.