「同」祂捍衛尊嚴：與宗教團體互動下的無家者宗教實作

Defending Dignity with/as God: Homeless Religious Practices When Interacting with Religious Groups

無家者雖與宗教團體有頻繁交集，但一直被認為是只求世俗物質利益、沒有（真實）宗教信仰的一群人。然而，這樣的認定乃源於三項與宗教社會學遺緒相關的分析謬誤所致：觀察限於宗教團體、過度仰賴宗教權威說法、過度重視信念而忽視實作。本文藉為期一年民族誌工作的田野材料，以「實作為中心的信者觀點」切入，討論無家者做為行動者，如何在與宗教團體／權威以無共識共作之方式互動下，藉由宗教實作，將另類實在界與基本實在界交纏在一起，藉此回應現下尊嚴匱乏的處境，也展望另類可能。我先描述無家者如何參與宗教團體規畫、主導的活動，分析宗教權威如何運用各種策略規約無家者的實作，使他們成為理想個人樣貌，以嵌入到權威認可的另類實在界秩序；同時，訴諸無家者有瑕疵道德及低劣能力等個人理由來證成差別對待，遂行象徵暴力，使得實作在權威眼中淪為形式化並造成他們尊嚴匱乏的情況。相對於此，無家者以自身方式在實作中積極共作，以轉化權威與自身的施與受為互惠關係，逆轉被給予的「貧者」地位；同時，援引如武俠小說、布袋戲、通俗小說等媒介內的文化劇目，形塑身為困於世間淺灘之潛龍的半神半人認同，搭配對應的救世實作，如此不但抵抗象徵暴力，也呈現其追求平等關係的能動性。因此，無家者通過實作展示「『同』祂捍衛尊嚴」的宗教，想像在另類實在界中陪同或類同於神明，回應被忽視或無視的社會處境，以追求平等互惠的關係。

Homeless individuals have been described as having no “true” religion whether or not they experience high-intensity religious encounters. To “rediscover” their faiths, the author proposes a believer-centered perspective that emphasizes religious practices. Two ethnographic examples are considered: Protestant worship gatherings and folk-belief parades. A discussion is offered on ways that religious authorities use diverse strategies within these activities to create “ideal” homeless participants, imposing symbolic violence involving discriminatory practices based on the perceived personal capabilities and morality of the homeless. Furthermore, I illustrate how the homeless respond via “co-operation without consensus,” in religious practices imbued with their own meanings, thereby transforming a give-andtake relationship into one of reciprocity that subverts the status of the poor. Homeless individuals may use a combination of wuxia novels, glove puppetry, and religious traditions to create a detailed identity for a charismatic “hidden dragon” that descends to this world to deliver salvation. More than just resistance against symbolic violence, what they’ve done display an agency in which the homeless pursue equal status by/as gods.