非營利組織、政府與草根性公民社會的發展：以臺灣九二一震災為例

NPOs, Government and the Development of Grass-Root Civil Society: A Case Study on 921 Earthquakes in Taiwan

本研究旨在探討非營利組織、政府與草根性公民社會的互動關係，並以九二一大地震為例，首先澄清非營利組織在公民社會中的角色，其次再檢視非營利組織與政府的互動關係型態。研究者修正資源依賴理論（resource dependency theory），以資源協力與社會網絡途徑探討九二一地震災害中，臺灣非營利組織與政府的互動關係及其對於草根性公民社會的影響。研究發現，臺灣九二一震災中的NPO類型，可概分為宗教慈善型、人道救援型、服務提供型、政策倡導型、企業責任型與災區重建型，不同的非營利組織類型與政府部門所形成的互動關係亦有所不同。本研究指出，資源互賴情況僅發生於「服務提供型」的非營利組織，由政府負責提供經費、知識與執行該服務的合法性，非營利組織則負責執行，兩者間之交互依賴達成為災民服務的目標，構成「雙元互賴型」的關係型態。至於「政策倡導型」的非營利組織則呈現出「雙元自主型」的關係型態，「企業責任型」的非營利組織呈現出「分離自主型」的關係型態，「災區重建型」的非營利組織則呈現出「政府主導型」的關係型態。諸如此類，都反映出因政府或非營利組織面對災民的不同立場與不同理念所造成的不同關係型態，也因而難以產生系統化的關係型態。就非營利組織與政府的平等關係而言，「人道救援型」非營利組織與「宗教慈善型」非營利組織所展現的「協力夥伴型」似乎比較理想，亦是對於草根性公民社會影響最為正面的關係型態。

The purpose of this research is to analyze the interactive relationship among NPO, government and grass-root civil society, through the case of 921 Earthquakes in Taiwan. The research began with clarifying the roles and patterns of NPOs in the civil society. Then the theoretical interaction between NPOs and government were systematically examined. This research is approached by 'resource collaboration and social networks theory,' which is modified from 'resource dependency theory.' The research found that a number of types of NPOs had involved in the 921 Earthquakes, including religious charity, humanitarian relief, service provides, policy advocacy, enterprise responsibility, and disaster reconstruction. Resource dependent relationship was only found in the service-provide NPOs. Government sectors provided financial supports, while NPOs deliver disaster relief services under the direction of government. Thus a 'dual model' was created in the 921 Earthquakes. Policy-advocacy and enterprise-responsibility NPOs demonstrated a 'dual inde-pendent relationship model' and 'independent relationship,' separately. Disaster-reconstruction NPOs showed 'the government dominant relationship.' The most balanced relationship, i.e., 'collaboration partnership' model between NPOs and government only can be found in the NPOs of religious charity and humanitarian relief.